It would be possible to be affirmed that the most of the educational goals that modernity assumes, they settled down from the Renaissance. The postmodern age, in its critic to the modern period, demands the recovery of some losses. At the time of fast changes as it happens in the Renaissance, the Humanism originates a fruitful debate. According to the authors protagonists, the controversy became a dialogue plenty of common questions to which we find in the contemporary discussion. The reflection (...) on the thought of one of the most representative and well-known authors, Comenio, it serves to think on the encounter of traditions in Philosophy of Education. He is a thinker who supplies the basis for his educational practice on a Philosophy of education and projects a reform to confront some problems that in the essential are repeated today. (shrink)

Turing was an exceptional mathematician with a peculiar and fascinating personality and yet he remains largely unknown. In fact, he might be considered the father of the von Neumann architecture computer and the pioneer of Artificial Intelligence. And all thanks to his machines; both those that Church called “Turing machines” and the a-, c-, o-, unorganized- and p-machines, which gave rise to evolutionary computations and genetic programming as well as connectionism and learning. This paper looks at all of these and (...) at why he is such an often overlooked and misunderstood figure. (shrink)

The state of computing science and, particularly, software engineering and knowledge engineering is generally considered immature. The best starting point for achieving a mature engineering discipline is a solid scientific theory, and the primary reason behind the immaturity in these fields is precisely that computing science still has no such agreed upon underlying theory. As theories in other fields of science do, this paper formally establishes the fundamental elements and postulates making up a first attempt at a theory in this (...) field, considering the features and peculiarities of computing science. The fundamental elements of this approach are informons and holons, and it is a general and comprehensive theory of software engineering and knowledge engineering that related disciplines (e.g., information systems) can particularise and/or extend to take benefit from it (Lakatos’ concepts of core theory and protective belt theories). (shrink)

This paper presents the manner in which the DNA, the molecule of life, was discovered. Unlike what many people, even biologists, believe, it was Johannes Friedrich Miescher who originally discovered and isolated nuclein, currently known as DNA, in 1869, 75 years before Watson and Crick unveiled its structure. Also, in this paper we show, and above all demonstrate, the serendipity of this major discovery. Like many of his contemporaries, Miescher set out to discover how cells worked by means of studying (...) and analysing their proteins. During this arduous task, he detected an unexpected substance of unpredicted properties. This new substance precipitated when he added acid to the solution and it dissolved again when adding alkali. Unexpectedly and by a mere fluke, Miescher was the first person to obtain a DNA precipitate. The paper then presents the term serendipity and discusses how it has influenced the discovery of other important scientific milestones. Finally, we address the question of whether serendipitous discoveries can be nurtured and what role the computer could play in this process. (shrink)

El presente artículo estudia el concepto de biopoder, luego de casi cincuenta años de su acuñación por parte de M. Foucault. No lo hará analizando respecto de qué investigaciones, con qué énfasis, mediante cuáles opciones y omisiones Foucault articuló el concepto, sino en relación con un breve estudio arqueo/genealógico sobre la emergencia del hospicio para pobres establecidos a finales del s. XVIII hispano. Un estudio de este tipo no es sólo consistente con un concepto como el de biopoder fraguado en (...) la cantera de la historia, sino que es probablemente indispensable para trabajar con Foucault y colaborar en el fortalecimiento de la capacidad analítica de sus conceptos. En la primera sección vinculará analíticamente la pobreza con el biopoder. A partir de ello, en el segundo acápite, se comenzará el estudio del hospicio ilustrado hispano presentando la transformación de la caridad católica que lo hace posible. En la tercera sección se analizará el establecimiento del hospicio a partir de su principal innovación- la politización de la necesidad material, y su mayor preocupación- la formación de los necesitados como miembros del Estado. Las conclusiones propondrán que en el hospicio hispano emerge toscamente el biopoder al mismo tiempo que el aparece el pobre ilustrado como un tipo de sujeto. (shrink)

A indiscutível riqueza da obra de Clarice Lispector já deu lugar a inúmeras interpretações.Neste ensaio, pretendemos acompanhar a leitura que Benedito Nunes realiza, pensando a literatura da escritora brasileira atravessada por um “centro mimético”. O conceito de mimese, distinguindo-se das concepções clássicas pensadas por Platão e Aristóteles, apontará, na leitura de Nunes, para a dramaticidade vivenciada por meio da linguagem na sua tentativa de falar sobre o mundo e o “eu” que o descreve. Para fins de clareza, analisaremos, com essa (...) categoria de “centro mimético”, três obras da autora que consideramos paradigmáticas: A cidade sitiada, A paixão segundo G.H. e A hora da estrela. (shrink)

Al intentar establecer cuánto debe Nietzsche a Spinoza en la configuración de su visión radical del mundo y quién de los dos da los pasos más decisivos en la disolución de la trascendencia, encontramos diversas dificultades. La primera es que la disputa acerca del ateísmo spinociano parece que no podrá nunca dirimirse en un grado aceptable. La segunda dice relación con la imagen que Nietzsche tiene de Spinoza en tanto puede considerarse sesgada debido al conocimiento indirecto de su obra. La (...) tercera es que para determinar, en parte, qué adeuda la interpretación de Nietzsche al filósofo holandés, se requiere hacer un análisis exhaustivo y pormenorizado de sus autores fuente. Tomando en cuenta estas complejidades, el autor del artículo defiende que para formarse una idea adecuada de la deuda del radicalismo de Nietzsche con Spinoza y para juzgar quién de ellos nos precipita con más relevancia a la pura inmanencia, es necesario ir estudiando sus lecturas sobre el filósofo judío, incluso las más descuidadas, más allá de Kuno Fischer. De acuerdo con ello, en este escrito se analizan dos lecturas de Nietzsche poco utilizadas en esta reflexión, a saber: Heinrich Heine y Jean-Marie Guyau. Se asume así que, para alcanzar un nivel más alto de claridad en el tema estudiado, se ha de acotar el marco bibliográfico en el que se ha de realizar la hermenéutica de Nietzsche y sus fuentes. Teniendo presente estos presupuestos, se compara el panteísmo, la desantropomorfización del mundo y el conatus sese conservandi de Spinoza, con el monismo, la extramoralidad del mundo y la voluntad de poder de Nietzsche, respectivamente, para evaluar el alcance del radicalismo cosmológico de uno y otro autor. (shrink)

En este artículo argumento que para la Síntesis extendida resulta imperioso reemplazarlos modelos causales tradicionales en biología, el de causas próximas— últimas y el de lacausalidad lineal ascendente, debido a su incapacidad para capturar la causalidad biológicacompleja que describen la mayoría de áreas de investigación en la actualidad. Estas nuevastendencias muestran la necesidad de reconceptualizar la causalidad y así permitir la construcciónde modelos multinivel que conecten bidireccionalmente diversos niveles de organizacióny diferentes escalas de tiempo. La causalidad multinivel es fundamental en (...) losprocesos de organización natural, por lo que, argumento, la extensión de la síntesis debeubicarla en su base. (shrink)

Rare neuromuscular diseases are a group of pathologies characterized by a progressive loss of muscular strength, atrophy, fatigue, and other muscle-related symptoms, which affect quality of life levels. The low prevalence, high geographical dispersion and disability of these individuals involve difficulties in accessing health and social care services. Teleassistance is presented as a useful tool to perform psychosocial interventions in these situations. The main aim of this research is to assess the effects of a teleassistance psychosocial program on the QoL (...) levels of people with RNMDs who have different levels of disability. A sample of 73 participants was divided into an experimental group, which participated in the intervention, and a control wait list group. QoL was evaluated through the SIP and the SF-36, and disability through the WHO-DAS II. The participants with a moderate to severe level of disability were those who most benefited from the intervention. The results also revealed that the psychosocial teleassistance program was suitable to improve physical and psychosocial aspects of people suffering from a rare neuromuscular disease with a moderate level of disability, but just psychosocial aspects in those with a severe level of disability. (shrink)

Over the history of research on sign languages, much scholarship has highlighted the pervasive presence of signs whose forms relate to their meaning in a non-arbitrary way. The presence of these forms suggests that sign language vocabularies are shaped, at least in part, by a pressure toward maintaining a link between form and meaning in wordforms. We use a vector space approach to test the ways this pressure might shape sign language vocabularies, examining how non-arbitrary forms are distributed within the (...) lexicons of two unrelated sign languages. Vector space models situate the representations of words in a multi-dimensional space where the distance between words indexes their relatedness in meaning. Using phonological information from the vocabularies of American Sign Language and British Sign Language, we tested whether increased similarity between the semantic representations of signs corresponds to increased phonological similarity. The results of the computational analysis showed a significant positive relationship between phonological form and semantic meaning for both sign languages, which was strongest when the sign language lexicons were organized into clusters of semantically related signs. The analysis also revealed variation in the strength of patterns across the form-meaning relationships seen between phonological parameters within each sign language, as well as between the two languages. This shows that while the connection between form and meaning is not entirely language specific, there are cross-linguistic differences in how these mappings are realized for signs in each language, suggesting that arbitrariness as well as cognitive or cultural influences may play a role in how these patterns are realized. The results of this analysis not only contribute to our understanding of the distribution of non-arbitrariness in sign language lexicons, but also demonstrate a new way that computational modeling can be harnessed in lexicon-wide investigations of sign languages. (shrink)

The phenomenon of cheating in higher education is of overwhelming importance in that the students engaging in these acts are unlikely to have the skills necessary for their future professional life. Despite its relevance, the empirical evaluation of cheating in universities has been almost exclusively focused on the US context. Little is known about cheating at the European level, let alone in Portugal. Even less is explored at the regional level. In this paper we present evidence on the perception of (...) cheating by Portuguese undergraduate students of economics/business degrees. We undertake a large-scale survey, involving 2675 students from all Portuguese mainland public universities. We found that copying-favourable environments are associated with a higher propensity to cheat. Moreover, in universities where ‘codes of honour’ exist, this propensity tends to be lower. Finally, the propensity to copy seems to be highly influenced by the cultural systems and socially-related factors of different regions. (shrink)

John Rawls ha manifestado en diversas ocasiones que su justicia como equidad es una teoría contractualista inspirada en la obra de J. Locke, J. J. Rousseau e I. Kant. Sin embargo, en el desarrollo de su visión sobre la justicia es posible encontrar huellas de otros filósofos como es el caso de la obra David Hume. En este artículo, se estudia la inserción de tres conceptos del naturalismo del filósofo escoces en la deontología moral que sustenta la justicia como equidad: (...) las “circunstancias de la justica”, el “sentido de la justicia” y el “deber natural de justicia”. (shrink)

Entre las profundas transformaciones sociales y económicas que acontecen a finales de los noventa en las sociedades post-industriales, se sitúa la creación de ciudades digitales. Desde la experiencia de la primera ciudad digital española, Infoville de Villena, se realiza un recorrido por el concepto y la evolución del modelo de ciudades digitales en España, sus características, debilidades, resistencias, fortalezas y oportunidades. El seguimiento del desarrollo del modelo Infoville permite reflexionar sobre su proceso de maduración estratégica y fáctica hasta su actual (...) consolidación, sin obviar su fuerte imbricación con la tecnología Internet en la Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento. (shrink)

La labor desempeñada por la mujer en el ejercicio de la crítica de arte en el último tercio del siglo es notoria. Autora de libros, artículos y ensayos que ven la luz en diarios y en revistas especializadas, participa en jurados nacionales e internacionales, comisaría de exposiciones y con frecuencia interviene como conferenciante. Enseñar a mirar la obra de arte es tarea primordial que mueve a su actividad, en un intento no solo de informar sino de aproximar la obra de (...) arte al contemplador y hacer que sea cada vez más estrecha la línea divisoria entre arte y público. (shrink)

A los doscientos años del fallecimiento de Immanuel Kant, su influencia no hace sino crecer cada día que pasa. La nómina de filósofos pasados y presentes que han recibido, de alguna manera, herencias kantianas resulta difícilmente abarcable con la mirada. De entre todos estos filósofos destacan dos cuyo origen -filosofía analítica y pensamiento frankfurtiano, respectivamente- no parece delatar, en principio, la filiación kantiana de su pensamiento. Y, sin embargo, pocos pensadores han logrado captar como ellos la esencia problemática de la (...) reflexión de Kant, sobre todo en lo concerniente a la autofundamentación de un pensamiento contrafáctico en el marco de una consideración pragmático-transcendental del uso del lenguaje. Nos referimos a Robert B. Brandom y a Jürgen Habermas. (shrink)

The DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) of chromatin constitute one of the best landmarks of eukaryotic genes that are poised and/or activated for transcription. For over 35 years, the high‐mobility group nucleosome‐binding chromosomal proteins HMGN1 and HMGN2 have been shown to play a role in the establishment of these chromatin‐accessible domains at transcriptional regulatory elements, namely promoters and enhancers. The critical presence of HMGNs at enhancers, as highlighted by a recent publication, suggests a role for them in the structural and (...) functional fine‐tuning of the DHSs in vertebrates. As we review here, while preferentially out‐competing histone H1 binding and invading neighbor nucleosomes, HMGNs may also modulate histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10ph), which plays an important role in enhancer function and transcriptional initiation. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false ES-CO X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:CalistoMT;} From his theory of communicative action (1981) until his later political writings, the philosopher Jürgen Habermas has put on the juridical language the main responsibility of describing the essence of Civil Society. That´s why the Habermasian analysis becomes a defence of a capitalistic conception of the actual society, (...) turning around a strict notion of individual. (shrink)

El texto «Mentir en política» aborda el papel que la mentira ha jugado en el lenguaje de la política y el lugar problemático que la Filosofía política le ha otorgado. Se escogen dos autores, Platón y Arendt, para mostrar la necesidad de incluir el discurso mentiroso como un componente esencial de la vida política de la ciudad. En breve, se trata de analizar los límites que la ciudad impone al discurso de lo político y de la política.

En este artículo discuto la contribución de Matías Oroño, intitulada “El conceptualismo de Kant y los juicios de gusto”. Esta contribución, en lo esencial, es una crítica a la tesis según la cual es posible encontrar una fundamentación del no-conceptualismo kantiano en el tratamiento de los juicios de gusto. Esta tesis es defendida por Dietmar Heidemann en un artículo que Oroño refuta. En el presente artículo se sostiene que la interpretación de Oroño es acertada, con algunos reparos. Sin embargo, me (...) parece importante señalar que Oroño no cuestiona dos premisas del no-conceptualismo sostenidas por Heidemann que necesitan ser revisadas. Estas premisas son: los elementos no-conceptuales que interesan tienen valor cognitivo, esos elementos son fenoménicos, intencionales, representacionales. (shrink)

This paper proposes a methodological synthesis in order to study multimodal media discourse and argumentation in the context of the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ in Greece. It follows the framework of Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis, integrating this with argumentation studies, with a particular emphasis on the analysis of inference. Our data come from the Greek newspapers Kathimerini and Ta Nea. We contend that the proposed methodological synergy enables scrutiny of (a) racist conceptualizations cultivated by the representation of migrants and refugees in (...) headlines and photographs in newspaper articles along with (b) the argumentative potential that is implicitly sustained in these multimodal representations. (shrink)

The Priestley duality for Wajsberg algebras is developed. The Wajsberg space is a De Morgan space endowed with a family of functions that are obtained in rather natural way.As a first application of this duality, a theorem about unicity of the structure is given.

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, EarlyView.